Chapter 28 — Complete Notes
| Category | Year | Details |
|---|---|---|
| 1st Printing Press (Portuguese) | 1557 | Established in Goa |
| 1st Printing Press (EIC) | 1674 | Established in Mumbai |
| India's 1st Newspaper | 1780 | Bengal Gazette (English) — Editor: James Augustus Hickey |
| First Hindi Newspaper | 1826 | Udant Martand |
| English Education Act | 1835 | Macaulay's Minute — Downward Filtration Theory |
| Wood's Dispatch | 1854 | "Magna Carta of Indian Education" — Lord Dalhousie |
| 3 Universities Founded | 1857 | Calcutta, Madras, Bombay |
| Act | Year | Governor-General / Viceroy | Key Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| Censorship of Press Act | 1799 | Lord Wellesley | First major censorship act. |
| Licensing Regulation | 1823 | John Adams | Licensing required. |
| Indian Press Act (Metcalfe Act) | 1835 | Charles Metcalfe | Metcalfe = "Liberator of Press" — repealed restrictive acts. |
| Licensing Press Act | 1857 | Lord Canning | During Revolt of 1857. |
| Vernacular Press Act | 1878 | Lord Lytton | "Gagging Act" — targeted vernacular press. Amrit Bazar Patrika turned English overnight to escape it. |
| Newspaper Act | 1908 | Lord Minto II | — |
| Indian Press Act | 1910 | Lord Minto II | Two acts by same Viceroy. |
| Commission | Year | Viceroy | Chairman | Key Reform |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hunter Commission | 1882–83 | Lord Ripon | W.W. Hunter | Review Wood's Dispatch. Primary + Secondary education focus. |
| Indian University Commission | 1904 | Lord Curzon | Sir Thomas Raleigh | Stricter control over universities. Regulation of Senate. |
| Sadler Commission | 1917 | Lord Chelmsford | M.E. Sadler | Reforms in Higher Education. Separated Intermediate (12th) from Degree. |
| Hartog Committee | 1929 | Lord Irwin | Philip Hartog | Focused on "Wastage and Stagnation" in Primary Education. |
| Sargent Plan | 1944 | — | John Sargent | Free & Compulsory Education (6–11 years). Intro to High School concept. |
| Radhakrishnan Committee | 1948 | — | Dr. S. Radhakrishnan | 1st Education Commission of Independent India. Modernize Universities → became base for UGC. |
| Institution | Year | Founder | Important Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| Calcutta Madrasa | 1781 | Warren Hastings | First Oriental Institution established by British in India. |
| Asiatic Society of Bengal | 1784 | Sir William Jones | Dedicated to oriental studies & translation. |
| Banaras Sanskrit College | 1791 | Jonathan Duncan | Study of Hindu laws and philosophy. |
| Hindu College, Calcutta | 1817 | Raja Ram Mohan Roy + David Hare | Modern English education in Bengal. |
| Universities — Calcutta, Madras, Bombay | 1857 | — | Established same year as Revolt of 1857. |
| Central Hindu College | 1898 | Annie Besant | Later became BHU (Banaras Hindu University). |
| Title | Type | Author |
|---|---|---|
| Hind Swaraj | Book | Mahatma Gandhi |
| My Experiments with Truth | Autobiography | Mahatma Gandhi |
| Young India | Journal | Mahatma Gandhi |
| Harijan | Journal | Mahatma Gandhi |
| Book / Journal | Author / Founder / Editor | Exam Note |
|---|---|---|
| Leader (Journal) | Founder: Madan Mohan Malaviya Editor: C.Y. Chintamani |
⚠️ Dono alag roles mein hain — option mein dono aa sakte hain. |
| Amrit Bazar Patrika | Sisir Kumar Ghosh (Motilal Ghosh) | Started Bengali → turned English overnight to escape Vernacular Press Act 1878. |
| Indian Unrest (Book) | Valentine Chirol | ⚠️ British journalist. Called Tilak "Father of Indian Unrest". Same person called Arya Samaj "Father of Indian Unrest." |
| Bombay Chronicle | Ferozeshah Mehta | Founder. |
| Indian Mirror (Journal) | Devendranath Tagore | Initiated by him. |
| Rast Goftar (Journal) | Dadabhai Naoroji | "Truth Teller" — Gujarati journal. |
| Samvad Kaumudi | Raja Ram Mohan Roy | Bengali Weekly. |
| Comrade (Journal) | Mohammad Ali Jauhar | — |
| Hindu Patriot | Harishchandra Mukherjee | Often asked in context of Indigo Revolt support. |
| Neel Darpan (Book) | Dinbandhu Mitra | Play based on Indigo Revolt (Neel = Indigo). |
| India Divided (Book) | Dr. Rajendra Prasad | — |